Tornado Alert is the product of a life work by Richard Carlisle. In the 1950’s and 1960’s, while radar was still principally a military technology being converted to civilian weather use, the development of the technology and theoretical basis of the electrical nature of storms reached a zenith. In 1969, an article in both Popular Science and Popular Mechanics describing a technique using TV detection of tornadoes developed over 12 years by an electrical engineer named Newton Weller captured his interest. The Weller method was supported by Dr. Hubert L “Tornado” Jones, developer of the original sferics detection network in Oklahoma, the Argonne National Lab, Alan Pearson Director of the NSSL and Biggs and Waite Climatologists for NOAA who sponsored a successful  published statewide evaluation of the method in Iowa in 1970. While the success of the Weller method was irrefutable, it was believed that RADAR would be more successful, even though no evidence supporting that faith existed at that time.

In 1971, prior to Ted Fujita’s publication of the tornado rating system of the same name, Richard began investigating the questions raised by researchers over the previous decade that were re-iterated in the popular magazine’s articles – was the Weller method using the most reliable frequency, could the range be extended, what were the exact physical processes responsible, how well correlated were the measured phenomena? Using off the shelf technology over the 1971-1973 period more than 100 samples of severe events and tornadoes were collected. Working with Bob Ferry Chief Meteorologist in Charge of the Birmingham Weather Field Office, storm reports, radar imagery and other supporting evidence was collected and presented to four NASA scientists from the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville Alabama in April of 1973. Richard received an Outstanding Achievement in Science award from Dr. Rocco Petrone Director of the MSFC at a dinner held at Samford University.

Development and collection of data continued through out 1974, the year of the Super Outbreak of Tornadoes (still considered the largest outbreak in recorded history) and in 1975 Bernard Vonnegut who published the original Electrical Theory of Tornadoes and Otha Vaughn of the MSFC published their account of tornadoes recorded in Huntsville Alabama by NASA scientists and others supporting my findings. Otha Vaughn sponsored the Mesoscale Lightning Project proving that lightning extended to upper regions of the atmosphere that was dismissed by meteorologists for decades and was finally proven by photographic evidence in 1989. In spite of hundreds of documented cases reported by professional pilots, meteorology insisted this phenomena wasn’t real and could not happen.

Richard developed the computer algorithms at the Rust Research Center from 1975-1976 using an IBM 370/158 and converting the data collected to that point to a digital format necessary for programming. In 1974 the use of AM radio broadcasts was first used – and the limitations of the centralized strategy of transmitting data to a central location for computer processing and subsequent re-transmission of results to the public became painfully obvious. Not only were inherent delays in this process unacceptable, but the lack of reliable reception by the public desperately needing the information in a timely fashion was simply unreliable. It was at this time that the distributed strategy, putting the detection and analysis technology in each home like a smoke detector, was conceived.

Unfortunately, the computer technology required by the distributed strategy of placing an appliance in the home simply didn’t exist.

In May 24 1973, the first successful detection of a tornado by Doppler Radar was made. After 10 successful detections, two of which were unconfirmed, the national commitment to deploy Doppler radar and the NEXRAD network was announced in the Joint Doppler Development (JDOP). Everyone, including Richard, believed this was the answer and further development of the technology based on electrical energy was suspended.

However, an understanding of the physical processes of the natural phenomena continued. The Nobel Prize awarded in Chemistry to Ilya Prigogine and his published work on chaos and dissipative systems revealed the shortcomings of the mainstream weather theories based solely on an understanding of thermodynamics from the 19th century. Publication of the Magnetohydrodynamic Theory of Tornadoes, based on Nobel Laureate Hannes Alfven work, established alternate theories capable of accounting for the electrical nature of storms being dismissed to that point, just as the lightning discoveries now known as Sprites, Elves and Blue Jets had been dismissed before irrefutable evidence was provided.

NASA deployed equivalent technology, the Radio Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) on Voyager, Galileo Jupiter Probe and Cassini Saturn spacecraft over the period from 1977 to 2010 to study the electrical nature of storms throughout the Solar System. NASA conducted measurements of the electrification of atmospheric vortices (dust devils) in the early part of the new millennium.

But the essential technology required for an inexpensive residential application still didn’t exist.

By 2010, Doppler radar was failing to realize the potential of its original hope, and cell phone technology development advancements had produced powerful computer chips at low cost – exactly what was required. NASA had continued development of Lightning Mapping Arrays using total lightning instead of just the cloud to ground activity that was the focus of development in the late 80’s at NASA Kennedy when Richard was assigned there. Total lightning activity and effectiveness was well established and the physics well understood (assisted by Doppler radar imagery) and the original research from the early 1970’s was vindicated. Even the Lighting Mapping Array operated by NASA Sport is available now on a single computer chip (since 2011).

Once the advanced computer chip technology was available, and the unresolvable physical limitations of Doppler radar became obvious and beyond dispute, there was only the matter of replacing the data from the 1970’s that had become un-useable as the magnetic media degraded. On April 27 2011, by random chance, that opportunity was provided as a prototype of the original equipment captured data from Tornadoes within range that replaced 6 years of previous research in a single day with an historic tornado outbreak rivalling the Super Outbreak of 1974. Results presented to John Copenhaver, former Area 4 Director of FEMA led to an introduction to Early Alert, an Emergency Management and business continuity company specialising in weather based threats. Meteorologists for Early Alert recommended development of prototype hardware and a Validation Project, funded by Home Depot, collecting data from over 100 locations around the country, proving the concept in 2012. The production Tornado Alert was developed as a result of 45 years of research and validation.

After many delays, GOES-R Successfully Launched November 19 2016 at 6:42PM EST and is currently in orbit.

Evidence of the theoretical research described here can be found in the youtube video 100 Years of Storm VLF Research https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Snhxov_g0LY

The story of lightning in the upper atmosphere reported by pilots and ignored by meteorology starting in 1973 is documented in the video Lightning Meteorology Ignores https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coYWl3oSNUw